Although battery recycling is still in its infancy, with many EV vehicles expected to remain on the road for years to come, the industry is collaborating and investing in its future. | Elnur / Shutterstock
Ever since I interviewed Lauren Roman of Transparent Planet about the electric vehicle (EV) battery sector and its recycling aspects, I started spending more time tracking what was happening there.
Just over the past two months, the global battery recycling landscape appears to be going through an inflection point. It’s evident that activity is ramping up quickly in various markets, from North America to Europe, with a flurry of new facilities, partnerships and research breakthroughs suggesting the sector is shedding its pilot-project roots and committing to full-scale operations.
Investments in infrastructure
Interestingly, these developments are taking place at a time when end-of-life EV batteries have not yet flooded the market. The scale of investment signals that the industry is preparing for what’s coming.
Princeton NuEnergy opened its flagship recycling facility in Chester, South Carolina, this past August. The team is focused on manufacturing scrap, leftover materials and rejected components generated during the battery production process and producing battery-grade cathode materials, reportedly boasting recovery rates above 97% for lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese, with initial capacity targeted at 5,000 tons per year.
In Nevada, I tracked Aqua Metals’ progress as they guided stakeholders through their proprietary AquaRefining process during industry tours and workshops in August of this year. Aqua Metals is laying the groundwork for a strengthened supply chain in domestic battery recycling through joining a $4.99 million Department of Energy consortium with Penn State in 2024.
American Battery Technology Company is also pushing ahead in Nevada, buoyed by a $144 million DOE grant awarded late last year for expansion into a second recycling facility.
Over in Europe, Clarios acquired three additional plants in Germany and Austria, while Glencore wrapped up a takeover of Li-Cycle’s US assets. It’s hard to miss how these moves are consolidating black-mass processing under major global players.
Policy plays catch up
Policy is evolving too. When Alberta, Canada launched upgraded battery collection services with smart containers on September 4, I noticed how consumer-facing initiatives are catching up, if slowly, to industrial trends.
For the first time, battery producers, not local governments, are now held accountable for the end-of-life management of batteries under Alberta’s Extended Producer Responsibility regulations. This means producers fund and operate recycling programs, bringing more drop-off locations, better safety and more efficient pickups to residents. It’s a move toward making battery recycling more accessible and sustainable, setting an example that other regions may follow.
Collaborate and innovate
Partnerships between automakers and battery recyclers are gaining momentum. On the supply side, Ace Green Recycling and Gold Star Metals recently announced a multi-year partnership in Texas to supply Ace’s new facility with tens of thousands of tons of used lead-acid batteries each year, primarily sourced from automotive and industrial applications across the region. This agreement is a major step toward ensuring a stable feedstock for large-scale battery recycling, strengthening resource recovery efforts and supporting the region’s environmental goals.
In 2024, BMW of North America teamed up with Redwood Materials, a Nevada-based company, founded by former Tesla CTO JB Straubel, and focused on recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles and consumer electronics. Redwood recovers up to 98% of valuable battery metals like lithium, nickel and cobalt and returns them to the supply chain. The company’s work with BMW may be a model of how car makers can manage battery end-of-life and help push the industry toward more advanced, circular recycling practices.
Universities and research labs are increasingly tackling battery design to make recycling easier. MIT researchers announced a new “self-assembling electrolyte,” a material inside the battery that serves as the pathway for ions. What’s unique about their approach is that this material is specially engineered to break apart in a simple liquid at the end of the battery’s life. So, instead of shredding a battery and dealing with a mix of metal and plastic, the battery can be cleanly separated into its components, making it far easier to recover valuable materials and prepare them for reuse. This kind of innovation could ultimately make EV batteries much more recyclable and sustainable.
So why this momentum now? The vast majority of feedstock is still limited because it essentially comes from manufacturing scrap, warranty returns and consumer electronics. The real focus of these movements will be in the 2030s, when retired EV batteries will finally arrive in volume. Investment decisions made this summer, from facility builds to supply contracts, are about the shift to large-scale, strategic positioning aimed at securing raw materials and market leadership down the road.
Growth on the horizon
Despite all this momentum, I recognize that the battery recycling industry is still in its infancy. Most incoming material isn’t post-consumer EV batteries. It’s primarily manufacturing scrap, warranty returns and batteries collected from electronic devices like phones, laptops and power tools. So today’s boom is more about preparation than short-term payoff. The true tsunami of battery retirement is years away, with most EVs sold since 2020 destined to stay on the road well into the next decade.
Looking at the data, forecasts are optimistic. GlobeNewswire valued the sector at $22.75 billion in 2024, potentially jumping to $41.66 billion by 2030. Knowledge Sourcing Intelligence projects $23.39 billion by 2030, up from $11.48 billion. In this case, the underlying driver is that electric vehicles are proliferating. According to the IEA’s Global EV Outlook 2025, more than 17 million electric cars sold worldwide in 2024, putting total stock near 58 million, with 2025 new sales expected to top 20 million.
What I see in leading recyclers and technology developers is a keen acknowledgment that long-term competitiveness hinges on building partnerships, securing feedstocks and investing in regulatory credibility now, before the volume surge begins, assuming that the market will grow exponentially.
Over the next couple of years, I expect to see more investments across North America, Europe and beyond in the battery recycling industry, in particular among private equity.