Thermoforms like those shown here often contain post-consumer material from bottles, but a California bill would require post-consumer thermoforms to be used in production of new thermoforms. | Anakumka/Shutterstock
Current debate over a California bill requiring PET thermoforms to contain RPET derived from thermoforms boils down to one question: What will materials recovery facilities do?
State lawmakers have sent to Gov. Gavin Newsom’s desk Assembly Bill 2784, which requires certain levels of post-consumer resin (PCR) in plastic thermoform food and drink packaging.
In the case of PET thermoforms, the packaging already often contains PCR, but that resin usually comes from recycled bottles. AB 2784 requires PCR from thermoforms themselves.
Because thermoforms aren’t included in state bottle deposit programs, brand owners will largely rely on materials recovery facilities (MRFs) to sort them from the curbside PET mix for sale to plastics reclaimers. But in California, not a lot currently do, in part because the California Redemption Value (CRV) system creates a de facto incentive for MRFs to keep thermoforms in PET bottle bales.
“This bill simply won’t work,” Steve Alexander, president of the Association of Plastic Recyclers (APR), said in an interview. “Unless there’s incentive for the MRFs to separate out thermoforms, then it’s very difficult for anybody to get their hands on the supply of material to make recycled content for thermoforms.”
(APR owns Resource Recycling, Inc., publisher of Plastics Recycling Update.)
However, another stakeholder is confident the bill will drive demand that will reverberate up the supply chain. Mark Murray, executive director of advocacy group Californians Against Waste, pointed to California’s existing RPET-content mandates for beverage bottles.
“We know we can affect the marketplace with the use of PCR. We know that that increased demand can translate into higher prices for the collection infrastructure,” he said.
“This [thermoform] policy was developed in real thoughtful recognition of the PET recycling marketplace and building on the success of PET bottle recycling,” he added.
Mandates 10% PCR by 2025
Newsom in September 2020 signed into law requirements that plastic beverage bottles covered by the CRV program contain certain levels of PCR.
The recently passed thermoform bill, AB 2784, is largely modeled off that bill. AB 2784 passed the state Senate in a vote of 22-11 (with seven legislators not voting) on Aug. 29, and it passed the Assembly 41-24 (with 15 not voting) on Aug. 30. Newsom has 30 days to sign or veto the bill.
The thermoform legislation covers a huge category of food and beverage packaging, including clamshells, cups, pods, tubs, lids, boxes, trays, egg cartons and other similar rigid, non-bottle packaging.
The bill requires thermoforms to average at least 10% PCR starting in 2025. Later requirements depend on overall recycling rates for thermoforms. The bill imposes a penalty of 20 cents for each pound of PCR the producer falls short of the target.
APR has long supported recycled-content mandates as a way to drive demand for recycled resins. But in this case, Alexander noted, a lack of supply is a major concern.
“Unfortunately, we’re in a position right now of trying to overturn this bill with a governor’s veto,” Alexander said.
He pointed out that under the CRV program, the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) establishes a formula estimating how many CRV-eligible containers are in each pound of a bale produced by MRFs, recognizing that a percentage of non-CRV material – thermoforms, mayonnaise jars and more – make it into bales.
Right now, using that formula, CalRecycle is paying MRFs a statewide standard “commingled” CRV rate of 62 cents a pound.
The Plastic Recycling Corporation of California (PRCC), a beverage industry-funded broker that buys PET bales from California MRFs and others, published a 2020 study that found curbside PET bales averaged about 19% thermoforms. PRCC created a specification for themoform-only bales, but it pointed to the commingled payout as a big impediment to more MRFs producing more of those bales.
“Until you fix the commingled rate, as hard as you try, nothing else is going to really, ultimately provide the supply available to meet the intent of this legislation,” Alexander said. “The only way to do this is to get rid of the commingled.”
He noted that, regardless of the CRV program issues, many MRFs won’t sort, store and bale thermoforms because they’re a relatively low-volume commodity that doesn’t justify the sorting costs and bunker space.
Recognition that some will fall short
Murray of Californians Against Waste acknowledged many producers won’t be able to meet the requirements, just as many beverage companies are still using 0% PCR in bottles.
For instance, those producers using resins other than PET for thermoforms will run up against the fact there is a lack of FDA letters of no-objection for resin Nos. 2-7.
“We know that there are other thermoforms that can’t use PCR, but our objective here is to create an even playing field so that all plastic thermoforms have to meet a similar threshold, whether it was a financial threshold or a consumption-of-thermoforms threshold,” Murray said.
He doesn’t believe the penalty of 20 cents per pound will break any companies. “It’s certainly a cost and it’s certainly an enticement to comply with the requirement, but it’s not going to drive anyone out of business,” he said.
Murray acknowledged the commingled CRV rate issue and said “it is a true fact that those curbside recycling programs have an incentive to stuff as much PET … in that bale as they possibly can.” The issue needs to be resolved, he said.
He noted that CalRecycle is now providing Quality Incentive Payments (QIPs) to recycling programs that produce PET bales with less than 2% PET thermoforms and other contaminants, an extremely high bar given the assortment of stuff that lands in curbside carts. But the amount, $180 a ton, is proving low to encourage widespread thermoform sorting.
Murray also said some facilities successfully keeping thermoforms out of PET bottle bales can work with CalRecycle staff to develop a higher CRV payment rate specific to their PET bales. By going that approach, they get paid more for bottle bales and they’re still able to sell thermoform bales for scrap value.
Thirty-two curbside recycling facilities are currently enjoying the individualized commingled rates, CalRecycle data shows.
Finer points of the bill
The thermoform legislation is constructed with room for variation on the exact PCR percentages required.
If the statewide recycling rate for thermoforms is 50% or higher during the 2026 calendar year, then producers would need to average 20% starting in 2028. If the 2026 recycling rate is less than 50%, producers would have to average 25% PCR. Then, if the thermoform recycling rate in 2029 is 75% or more, thermoform producers would have to average 20% PCR. But if the recycling rate is below 75%, they would have to achieve 30% PCR.
The bill exempts certain categories of thermoforms, including those holding medicines or baby formula, as well as reusable and compostable packaging.
The legislation imposes an annual 20-cent penalty for every pound of PCR a producer falls short of their requirements. For example, if a brand owner sold 2 million pounds of PET thermoforms in 2025, the company would need to use 200,000 pounds of PCR. If it used 150,000 pounds of PCR, it would owe $10,000.
The bill allows CalRecycle to reduce the penalties, taking into account anomalous market conditions; lack of supply due to unforeseen events, such as a natural disaster; and other factors that have prevented the producer from meeting the requirements. If the thermoform recycling rate in California is 60% or higher, CalRecycle must also consider whether other industries, such as polyester textiles, are hogging the PET thermoform bales.
Producers failing to meet the minimum recycled content requirements would be required to submit corrective action plans to CalRecycle.
Penalty money would be deposited in a Thermoform Recycling Enhancement Penalty Account, which would be designated for spending that supports thermoform recycling in the state, according to the bill.
As is the case with PCR used in beverage bottles, producers would have to report their pounds of virgin and recycled resin used annually, and CalRecycle would post that data on its website.
It’s unclear how many brand owners currently use PCR from thermoforms in their packaging.
Watsonville, Calif.-based berry brand Driscoll’s explained to Plastics Recycling Update earlier this year how it has worked for years to encourage its suppliers to source RPET for Driscoll’s clamshells from recycled thermoforms. As of last year, Driscoll’s averaged 9% recycled-thermoform content in its clamshell containers.
More stories about PET
- Coca-Cola lags on progress toward 2030 plastics goals
- Rumpke plans to take PET clamshells curbside
- New Unifi offerings add to push for RPET end uses
